城市污染河道沉积物AVS与重金属生物毒性研究

采集珠江三角洲典型城市污染河道佛山水道表层沉积物和上覆水样品,测定了沉积物AVS,Eh,SEM_Pb,SEM_Cd,SEM_Cu,SEM_Zn,SEM_Ni,SEM_Cr,及上覆水Eh,DO.同步进行了底栖动物调查,结合调查结果分析了城市污染河道沉积物AVS与重金属生物毒性的关系.主要研究SEM-AVS判据在判断城市重污染河道重金属生物有效性方面的作用.所测AVS最大值为69.579 μmol/g,最小值为0.339 μmol/g,均值为20.283 μmol/g;各采样站位∑SEM₅（SEM_Pb,SEM_Cd,SEM_Cu,SEM_Zn,SEM_Ni之和）最大值为23.067 μmol/g,最小值为1.062 μmol/g;底栖动物种类和数量均较少,且基本为耐污种,优势种为水丝蚓.13个采样站位中,∑SEM₅-AVS<0的有9个,MDS分析结果显示：这9个站位中的7个底栖动物群落结构相似程度高.这表明重污染河道沉积物重金属的生物毒性与SEM-AVS的值关系密切,SEM-AVS判据在判断重污染区域重金属的生物毒性方面具有较大作用;同时说明重污染河流重金属生物毒性比较复杂,不能完全由SEM-AVS解释.     

丙酸的加入对厌氧-低氧同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响

2个实验室规模的序批式反应器（SBRs）在厌氧-低氧（0.15～0.45 mg·L^-1）条件下运行,以比较丙酸的加入对同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响.结果表明,无论是丙酸与乙酸的混合酸（碳摩尔比为1.5/1）作为碳源（SBR1）,还是乙酸作为单独碳源（SBR2）,系统都发生同步硝化反硝化和磷的去除（SNDPR）,并且氨氮被全部氧化,系统中没有亚硝酸盐的大量累积.与SBR2相比,SBR1中厌氧阶段磷释放量少,聚羟基戊酸（PHV）合成量高,好氧末磷剩余量少,硝态氮累积少,因此SBR1中总氮和总磷的去除率（分别为68%和95%）比SBR2（分别为51%和92%）高,加入丙酸有助于SNDPR系统保持较好的除磷、脱氮效果.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

沈阳市降雪中PFOS和PFOA污染现状调查

通过调查降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度,阐明了沈阳市大气中PFOS和PFOA的污染状况和污染规律.2006-02-06采集沈阳市区和郊区共计36个采样点的降雪样品,2006-02-25在其中5个采样点再次采集降雪样品.固相萃取融雪水中的PFOS和PFOA,利用LC-MS-SIM法测定样品中PFOS和PFOA浓度.全部样品中均检出PFOS和PFOA.2006-02-06降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度几何平均值分别为2.0 ng·L^-1（范围：0.4～46.2 ng·L^-1）和3.6 ng·L^-1（范围：1.6～22.4 ng·L^-1）,95%置信区间分别为1.5～2.8 ng·L^-1和3.1～4.2 ng·L^-1.PFOS和PFOA的最高浓度同时出现在郊区采样点朱尔屯,市中心区2种物质的浓度呈显著正相关.2006-02-25的5个采样点降雪中PFOS和PFOA的浓度几何平均值均为2.2 ng·L^-1.2次降雪中PFOS浓度差异不显著,2006-02-25降雪中PFOA浓度高于2006-02-06.结果表明,沈阳市区和郊区降雪中广泛存在PFOS和PFOA污染,局部区域可能存在共同的PFOS和PFOA污染来源;沈阳地区有较稳定的PFOS来源持续向大气中输送该类物质;PFOS和PFOA的环境行为可能不同.     

甘肃平凉市大气湿沉降中氮、硫污染物循环特征分析

大气环境中氮,硫污染物的循环,正在自然系统改变。人为活动已明显冲击了氮、硫元素的循环过程,它们可能对生物多样性,局地气侯变暖,土壤,水体,人体健康等逐渐带来严重影响。氮、硫污染物亦是大气酸沉降的主要来源。通过对甘肃平凉市大气湿沉降中氮、硫污染物特征分析,掌握氮、硫污染物动态变化,分析它们在大气湿沉降中的化学变化及污染循环特征,为做好节能减排工作提供理论依据。使氮、硫元素的循环趋于平衡,防止酸沉降在我市发生,进一步提高我市环境空气质量。     

TiO2薄膜光催化体系中羟基自由基的水杨酸分子探针法测定

以水杨酸为分子探针物,以分光光度法测定了纳米TiO2薄膜光催化体系中产生的羟基自由基(·OH).结果表明,水杨酸的自然氧化程度较低,可以作为分子探针测定·OH的产生;实验中最佳的光照时间为60min;水杨酸浓度对·OH的测定影响较大,其最佳值为50 mg·L-1;pH值对·OH的测定影响较大,最佳值为6;最佳实验条件下,分析得到·OH的稳态浓度为1.68×10-14 mol·L-1.     

Dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction characteristics of paddy soil extract cultures treated with glucose or fatty acids

Dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction is a universal process with irreplaceable biological and environmental importance in anoxic environments. Our knowledge about Fe(Ⅲ) reduction predominantly comes from pure cultures of dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reducing bacteria (DFRB). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of glucose and a selection of short organic acids (citrate, succinate, pyruvate, propionate, acetate, and formate) on Fe(Ⅲ) reduction via the anaerobic culture of three paddy soil solutions with Fe(OH)3 as the sole electron acceptor. The results showed significant differences in Fe(Ⅲ) reduction among the three paddy soil solutions and suhstrate types. Bacteria from the Sichuan paddy soil responded quickly to substrate supply and showed higher Fe(Ⅲ) reducing activity than the other two soil types. Bacteria in the Jiangxi paddy soil culture solution could not use propionate as a source of electrons for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. Similarly, bacteria in the Jilin paddy soil culture could not use succinate effectively. Pyruvate was readily used by cultures from all three paddy soil solutions, thus indicating that there were some similarities in substrate utilization by bacteria for Fe(Ⅲ) reduction. The use of glucose and citrate as substrate for dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction indicates important ecological implications for this type of anoxic respiration.     

氯化蒸馏废酸还原回收锗

以锗烟尘氯化蒸馏后的废盐酸为原料,以废铁为还原剂,使废酸中的有价金属锗以还原态沉淀富集在渣中,强化氧化氯化蒸馏回收四氯化锗,锗的综合回收率达94．10％。同时生产净水剂用液体氯化铁产品。     

负载型燃烧催化剂La_(0.8)Ce_(0.2)CoO_3/Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2制备及性能研究

以复合氧化物La0.8Ce0.2CoO3为活性组分,Ce0.8Zr0.2O2固溶体为载体,采用柠檬酸络合法制备出负载型燃烧催化剂La0.8Ce0.2CoO3/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2。用XRD、BET和SEM对其进行表征,考察了焙烧温度、反应时间、反应温度及H2S存在对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,载体表面形成了均一的钙钛矿相;该负载型催化剂对二甲苯完全氧化反应具有较高的催化活性,有良好的热稳定性、操作稳定性和强的抗H2S毒化能力。这可能是载体与负载组分之间密切的协同作用所导致。     

BI废水制取己二酸过程中分解反应催化剂的研究

以环己烷空气氧化装置产生的酸性洗涤废水(BI有机废水)为原料,通过分析不同条件下分解氧化产物组成,考察了分解反应催化剂种类、用量及分解反应时间对产物二元酸的分布及己二酸表观收率的影响。试验结果表明,在钴盐存在下使BI有机废水浓缩液回流反应120min以上,再经硝酸氧化可使由BI有机废水制取己二酸的表观收率达到BI有机废水总质量的10%～12%。